Stem cell derived organoids: Pluripotent cells are derived from progenitor cells of a specific germ layer e.g., ectoderm for brain development. These progenitors are then embedded in 3D extracellular matrix like collagen or any synthetic hydrogel to provide structural support. They are grown under specific growth and signaling factors to allow them differentiate into specific cell and tissue. Cells then communicate with other cells and self-organize into mini tissues that mimic the structure of real organs.
Adult stem cell-derived organoids: Stem cells derived from specific adult tissues are embedded in 3D extracellular matrix. The culture is grown under specific growth and signaling factors e.g., WNT/beta-catenin, Notch and Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) if desired organoid is liver. Organoids received by this method retain genetic identity of the donor tissue which can be used to generate personalized medicine.
Bio-printed organoids: They closely mimic the architecture, cell heterogeneity, and microenvironment of human organs. Using bio-inks composed of hydrogels and living cells (e.g., cancer cells, fibroblasts, immune cells), bio-printers deposit materials layer-by-layer to form mini-organs.
Assisted organoids: Organoids obtained from any of the above methods, are combined with the microfluidic devices which mimic blood flow to get assisted organoids. They help maintain long term viability and mimic real physiology.
